Priorities

Americans have become a populace driven by sound bites, desire for instant gratification, and an impatience only increased by the connected age in which we now live.  Thanksgiving a unique United States holiday.  It recognizes a meal between pilgrim settlers and Native Americans. Yet, this American holiday is undergoing a fundamental change in the way it is celebrated. Its changing status says a slew about our common national priorities. The day is becoming more and more about the start of the Christmas shopping season than about spending time with family and friends.  Although, people at work say you can have it both ways, the males stay home and watch football, and the females go out shopping.  Have these attributes become so commonplace ther are now inherent in our DNA?

Thanksgiving is a day to celebrate with family and friends and to give thanks for what we have been given. Yet it should be more than our thanks for the material goods, or our financial well-being. Having sufficient resources to purchase required goods is important. After all, few make the clothes they wear, the food they eat or the shelter in which they live. Specialization is a product of civilization. Yet, this special American holiday is being transformed.  Our common culture continually changes, and Thanksgiving presents just one case.

The day after Thanksgiving became known as Black Friday, because that is said to be the day of the year in which stores begin to actually make a profit. The Friday after Thanksgiving is, or was, the champion shopping day for the year. The term Black Friday, however, is thought to have begun as a derisive term from the 1950’s or early 1960’s and was used by police in Philadelphia in dealing with large amount of shoppers. At that time, many workers called in sick in order to get Friday off work, and that likely led to the four day long holiday for many corporations and businesses—at least non-retail. The kids were off school, and the parents wanted to be home.  The day before Thanksgiving is also the peak travel time of the year. It beats out Christmas, likely because Christmas travel is spread over more days. Time off of work led to more shoppers, which led to retail success in one day, this led to competition to start even earlier than a normal retail time of 9 or 10 am. It did not take a genius to figure out the next move—stores opening on Thanksgiving.  At some point in the past generation it seems this has become a reality. Some stores such as drug, gas stations, and grocery stores have long been open on Thanksgiving, but clothing, electronic retailers and the like were closed. In the past several years the stores began opening on Thanksgiving in the mid to late evening, but now that has turned to afternoon. Gordmann's advertises a 2 pm opening.  Perhaps next year it will be noon. Retailers would not be open, however, if there was not such a demand.  At some point, if trends continue, perhaps stores will be open all day on Thanksgiving. And, if it ultimately replaces Black Friday as the choice shopping day of the year, it would be with a certain irony, as Black Thursday in American history is associated with the large stock market drop in 1928 which is what helped precipitate the Great Depression.

Consumer culture has helped drive American growth. In a past blog, I wrote about how this affects both our built and social environments.  Our purchase of plastic toys from China, or clothes from Malaysia help drive the economy.  Although, not as much as when we bought toys or clothes made in the United States. The economic principle of the multiplier effect would grant more money to the US economy when the added value of goods occurs in the United States. In that sense, the nation help support itself. The Wisconsin farmer who bought overalls made in the mills of South Carolina helped the factory and cotton workers in the US, and the merchants in all those local communities. Likewise, a car made by GM in Janesville, helped not only the GM worker, but the local suppliers that provided parts to GM, and others who would benefit by their spending. Spending is important to the economy, but so too is strong support. Workers are often the strength of a business and a happy worker is likely a more productive worker. When a business decides to require their workers to work a shift on Thanksgiving in the hopes of increased sales they may negatively affect their personnel who may actually prefer time with their family than being forced to work on a national holiday. The large retailers may have an upper hand over the local merchant who chooses to stay home with his or her family.

Times in our nation have changed as we have moved from downtowns with many local merchants to power centers and big boxes dominated by national chains. The nation is often considered to have been settled by persons with a strong individualistic streak. The thinking goes that the democratic-capitalist system best supports those who support themselves. Yet, Alexis de Tocqueville commented in his seminal work Democracy in America about the importance of social groups to the development of the United States.  These societies or groups offered support to members. Local grange and farm groups would offer support to local farmers.  Church groups would offer support in non-rural areas. Sewing and quilting circles have been rebadged as scrapbook and stamping groups.  While the sense of individualism runs strong in the nation, the paradox is that in a good many cases the ability to draw on support from family, local clubs and societies helped to make the individual successful. Community and family support was essential to success for many persons.

The Pilgrims are often thought to be the first to set the theme of individualism for the nation. However, these early settlers were dependent upon their group, and ulitmately the sharing from the Indians during that first Thanksgiving celebration. While Thanksgiving is about giving thanks for what we have, it is also about thanking those who have supported us. Support is manifested in a variety of ways. It is accomplished when one offers prayers for another. It is accomplished when a person is there to listen. It is there when encouragement or advice is provided. It is also there in promoting success for a family member or friend. It is also present when giving monetarily to a cause in which you believe. A few examples can be used to indicate the importance of support. Some persons create non-profit charities to help gain a tax advantage, while some are created out of pure genorisity to assist others. The Triumph Fund, created to assist with advancing cancer treatment and cures at the Medical College of Wisconsin, is an example of the latter. Family members who passed away in the past few years due to cancer benefitted by prayers—their cancer may not have been healed, but they both enjoyed a level of travel even with a debilitating disease.  Also important is the way their struggles helped benefit the healthy. Yet, support does not always have to be about such heavy matters.  It is in a level of commitment to encourage success for an individual. This was shown by family support to one young member who came up with a recommendation for a beer.  That beer would have to earn first among many submitted types to be commercially produced. His idea was so supported by family members, and friends that his beer was not only successful in becoming the top beer, but it had one of the largest differentials between first and second place beer for the MobCraft Brewery. Support and care is what Thanksgiving is all about.

We should be thankful for what we have been given, but also for the support and care provided to us. Yet, I think it also then demands us to be use our talents and gifts to support others. There is always someone in need of support. In the gospel of Matthew, Jesus is noted as saying that whenever you do to the least of my brothers you have done unto me. Thanksgiving is not about the kickoff to the Packer-Bear game, or the kickoff to the Christmas shopping season, or Black Friday, or even Cyber Monday.  It is a day in which we should reflect on what we have done to help and care for others, and to thank those who have supported and cared for us.  Fr. Eric Hollis, OSB concluded a recent blog post by saying: “God creates us all to be gifts to one another.”  What a wonderful definition of humanity.  That is what being human is all about.  Thanksgiving is a reminder that as much as our action may be due to our individual talents, there were others who provided support, care and encouragement. But, also remember to enrich yourself by providing care and support to others in need.  As the consumer culture starts to take over yet another holiday, let us recall what is of importance, and that it is practiced on a regular basis. And if you do go shopping on Thanksgiving, please remember the workers who are there serving you and perhaps would rather be watching the Packers at Lambeau Field, if not having pumpkin pie with their family.

Images found through Google Images

Of Men and Martyrdom

This past Friday Islamic extremists showered bullets into cafés and nightclubs, and let off suicide bombs. The attacks occurred in six different locations in Paris. Friday the 13th is recognized by some as being a day of the devil and/or horror; think of the horror movie of the same name. Horror and the work of the devil were certainly at play in Paris that Friday evening. If the suicide bombers obtained martyrdom, hopefully it is not in the place they desired to reach. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), or its amended name, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have been destroying people of long-standing history in the region simply because they are not Muslim. One can think of the Aramaic Christians that have been killed, raped, forced to convert, or from which gold, yes it has to be gold, has been extorted. There is also the Yazidi’s and the Kurds. The day before the attacks in Paris, suicide bombers struck Beirut, Lebanon killing of over 40 persons, and over 200 injured. On October 31 a Russian airliner dropped from the sky—chard piece by chard piece -- due a bomb planted by ISIS. From January to June of this year there were eleven different attacks, each on a different day in which at least 100 persons were killed in each attack. From 2013 to 2014 deaths from terrorism increased by over 80% (18,111 to 32658). Over 51% of the deaths are attributable to ISIS and its recent affiliate in Nigeria—Boko Harem. Few probably recall the kidnapping of a couple hundred Nigerian Christian school girls at the hands of Boko Harem. Islamic terrorists are not an advent of the 21st century, but 21st century technology and communications allow a global reach. Eleven Americans, since January, have been arrested on charges of attempting aid and abet ISIS.

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris

The acts in Paris were caused by Muslims from France, Belgium and at least one recent immigrant. The Institute of Economics and Peace (IEP) believes that 25,000 to 35,000 foreign fighters from over 100 countries have been involved in ISIS brutality in Syria. This includes some of those who undertook the Paris attacks. Some were on nationwide watch lists, but technology allowed their chatter to go undetected. Iraq was said to have issued a warning to governments of both France and the United States. The IEP notes that “the significant increase in terrorist activity has meant that its ramifications are being felt more widely throughout the world.” Westerners may not have liked what occurred at Charlie Hebdo, but there was a certain logic of retaliation for an “observed” wrong. The recent attacks to “soft” targets show that ISIS not only wants retaliation, but to spread havoc and murder. If they thought the attacks would lead to appeasement and the pull out of French involvement in Syria, they were wrong. The day following the Paris bombings the US government noted that such attacks were not likely to occur on US soil due to the fewer numbers of US citizens or residents who have been involved with ISIS. This is the same government where the President on the day of the Paris attacks had said that ISIS was contained. Some writers have argued that he meant geographically contained, but bombs and bullets in Paris show extension beyond Syria and Iraq—not exactly geographic containment. Time will tell if ISIS makes good on its pledge to attack the United States.

Paris attacks

This post could go on to quote a myriad of statistics about the increase in terrorism, related deaths and its costs. But, that would be to little avail. A conflict by regional groups to unseat the dictator Assad in Syria led to a power vacuum eagerly seized by ISIS. Regionally affiliated moderates desiring to defeat Assad have been overshadowed or joined with ISIS. US supplies to assist the Assad insurgents are now assisting ISIS.  The Islamic extremists are waging jihad on a variety of fronts. Of interest are comments by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, a Muslim and a Sharia law scholar. He wrote, on Nov. 16, that “the historical truth is that ISIS leaders and supporters can and do draw on a wealth of scriptural and historical sources to justify their actions.” He goes on to say that “traditional interpretations of Sharia, or Islamic law, approved aggressive jihad to propagate Islam. They permitted the killing of captive enemy men. They allowed jihadis to enslave women and children, as ISIS did with the Yazidi women in Syria.” According to An-Na’im Islam not only has a historical basis, it also has no one leading authority to alter or amend Sharia doctrine. While this grants a certain level of local and individual control to the religion, the downside, as he notes is that “any Muslim can make any claim about Sharia if he or she can persuade a critical mass of Muslims to accept it.” Therefore, Islam is ripe for radical interpretation of Sharia law. A new interpretation of Sharia principles may be necessary, as well as those who look to the more peaceful aspects of Islam to make their voices known. This local nature also allows the horrors to be perpetrated to a greater extent as ISIS continues to add to past precedents by providing a level of brutality once thought to have been issued to the dustbin of history hundreds of years ago. Or course, ISIS has taken brutality to a whole new level.  What is right to one group or person is not necessarily right for another group or person. In his comments on the Paris attacks, Pope Francis called such actions taken in the name of God blasphemy. Blasphemy--a word that would at one time struck fear into a person’s heart, but in our secular world is rather disregarded. The Pope also referred to earlier attacks in the name of God as sacrilege.

 

The Monastery

There are, unfortunately, times of when doing of good were silenced due to the actions of terrorists. One particular example is extremely telling. In 1948 the Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance, otherwise known as Trappists, established a monastery in the hills outside Tibhirine, Algeria. For years these monks tended to the needs of the Muslim population. They prayed with them, they traded with them, they tended to their medical needs and their material welfare as best they could. They were an integral part of the community. As one commentator has noted—“the monks do not have a mission to evangelize, only that of offering a witness of love and prayer.” As one would expect, they lived a simple life with manual labor to grow food and trade for other essentials, study, and of course pray. However, in the 1990’s Algeria was in the midst of conflict, not unlike the internal civil in the Mideast today. In 1996 nine monks were present at the Monastery of Notre Dame of Atlas in Tibhirine, Algeria.  All of French nationality. In the early morning hours of March 27 over 20 militants stormed the monastery and captured all but two monks.  Terrorists, going by the name the Armed Islamic Group, took responsibility for the capture of the monks. The monks knew they should probably not stay.  After all, they knew of actions perpetrated against other Christians in the region. In fact, Christians were asked to leave the country. Yet, the relationship, and service, they had with the village outweighed their own safety. In the end, the seven were murdered, likely in a most horrifying manner. In staying the seven found martyrdom. On May 31, 1996 their heads were found. The other portions of their human remains are known but to the perpetrators and God. No other body parts have ever been located. Their story is told in the highly regarded movie “Of Gods and Men,” and in the book, The Monks of Tibhirine.

 

The Monks of Notre Dame of Atlas Monastery in Tibhirine, Algeria

The monks lived in harmony, and friendship, with the Muslim villagers of the small village of Tibhirine. There was an appreciation of the faith the other observed. The attacks in Paris once again show the dark side of humanity. While the seven monks at the Monastery of Notre Dame of Atlasa became martyrs, their love and service to others was the most telling aspect of their desire to stay in a country in turmoil. In 2010 Cardinal Angelo Scola wrote of the authentic witness he saw in the Tibhirine monks who provided more than a good example.  Scola wrote that he saw a “primary value standing above any other form of knowledge and communication.“ Martyrdom, he writes is a “grace that God concedes to the helpless and that no one can demand, it is an insuperable act of unity and mercy.   It is the defeat of any eclipse of God, it is His return in fullness through His children’s offer of their lives. This self-surrender defeats evil, even the so-called “unjustifiable” evil, because it restores unity even with its perpetrator."  Forgiveness and mercy due to the grace of God

Grave marker of the prior at the monastery
Dom Christian de Chergé

The terrorists who carried out such horrific acts in France may think of themselves as having achieved martyrdom, but if the definition of martyrdom is that as noted by Cardinal Scola, the terrorists were not martyrs but plain and simple evil beings who committed murder. The memories of the seven monks are a tribute to what good can do in the world.  The souls of the seven serve as a tribute to service, work. love and prayer.  Yet, the demise of the seven is a reminder of evil perpetrated in the world. The activities of a few in Paris are also a reminder to us. The challenge in our world today is to allow the good to blossom and thrive, and evil to subside. To be open to the former, hearts have to change.  

 

Pipe or Tank

Last year in August my spouse and I took a trip along the Mississippi River from La Crosse north to Prescott, WI. As we stopped or passed through the varied small Wisconsin river towns we became indirectly acquainted with the fracking movement in North Dakota, and the tar sands production of petroleum in western Canada. Our acquaintance was through the number of trains, with multiple engines pulling long lines of tanker cars. Movement by rail is one option for moving the crude oil of the north to the refineries in other locations. The other alternate is the use of pipelines. The proposed Keystone XL pipeline, proposed by TransCanada Corp., which recently was denied approval by President Obama, was planned to haul Canadian crude of the tar sands south into the United States to Nebraska and points south. Pipeline companies have faced issues with faults in their lines, leading to environmental damage, but transport of petroleum products by rail also poses significant risk. The former was a concern of the Dane County Board of Adjustment in desiring insurance to cover costs for a proposed Enbridge pipeline through northeast Dane County, while the latter was shown in two separate derailment incidents in the span of two days in Wisconsin.

Engine of a tanker train, north of Alma, WI
Aug 2014 photo by author

We all use energy, and for the developed world, the top source is fossil fuels.  Oil, coal and natural gas heat our homes, fuel our cars, and produces our electricity.  The price of gas at the pump is relatively low compared to the past several years.  There are different explanations as to why there is a seemingly surplus of oil on the market that has caused the reduction in prices.  One reason for the increase in supply is due to oil production in both the United States and Canada.  While much of the U.S. was in the economic doldrums, North Dakota was booming, mainly due to fracking and directional boring which has the capability of retrieving oil from deep widely dispersed deposits. North Dakota is home to the Bakken formation, which stretches into Canada.  National Geographic, in 2013, reported that "when the frenzy ends, perhaps 20 years from now, as many as 14 billion barrels of high-quality crude may have been removed." To the north, Canada also benefits from the Bakken formation, but the province of Alberta also contains tar sands--from which petroleum products are derived.  Crude from the Bakken formation is dangerous--it contains a higher level of gas than usual and as a result has a lower flash point.  It is an explosion waiting to happen.  Another problem is that only recently has the federal government started to require an upgrade to rail tankers which have thin walls as many were built for the purpose of not hauling crude, but hauling corn syrup.

Keystone XL Pipeline phases

To transport large amounts of oil, from both Bakken formation and the tar sands, a large Canadian company had proposed a 36" pipe which would haul 860,000 barrels of crude a day from Alberta to Montana, into South Dakota and then to Steele City, NE.  The Keystone route would be a second pipeline running diagonally from Hardisty, Alberta to Steele City.  A current pipeline runs east from Hardisty then turns south near Winnepeg and then along the eastern parts of the Dakotas and into Nebraska to Steele City.  Ultimately, the pipeline ends in eastern Texas, home of many a refinery.  President Obama's denial of federal approval for the Keystone pipeline was, at least in sound bytes, based on climate change and that the route would simply continue reliance on fossil fuels.  While, I too am concerned about the use of fossil fuels and climate change, it is rather naive to think that denial of one pipeline will put an end to our fossil fuel based economy.  In fact, other alternatives have been in progress and are being planned to the controversial Keystone route.

Alma, WI derailment, November 2015

While the Keystone route has been in the permitting stage since Obama took office, other methods exist or are being planned in lieu of the Keystone pipeline.  Are railways used to haul petro products from the tar sands?  Representative Frank Hornstein of Minneapolis has said of this possibility "that has been a talking point for pipeline advocates.  It is not based on reality."  Contrary to what Representative Hornstein has said, the facts show otherwise.  A report from Canada says that Canadian Pacific (CP) and other railways in North America "have seen a sharp rise in demand for crude oil shipments amid an increase in oil production and persistent lack of pipeline capacity."  The news report goes on to say that hauling of oil rose 29% in 2014--$500 million--or 7% of total sales.  CP expected to haul 140,000 tank cars of crude in 2014.  CP is a common carrier and has to carry what it asked to carry.  In 2014 the CP Board of Directors questioned the hauling of hazardous products.  A derailment of crude is certainly bad publicity for the rail line.  Yet, with lack of pipeline capacity it is hauling crude oil.

Crude Oil Tankers

Just this weekend, within a two day span there were two train derailments in Wisconsin, one of ethanol a couple miles north of the small Wisconsin river town Alma in which 32 cars tipped over some spilling into the Mississippi River; the other, of 13 cars which occurred in Watertown, WI, carried Bakken crude oil.  It ultimately spilled some 1,000 gallons of heavy crude. At least it did not blow up.  The same trains pass through Minneapolis and St. Paul--a potential catastrophe. So, yes, railways are used to haul crude oil. Trains are getting longer too.  The Wisconsin Railroad Commissioner has noted that it used to be that a one mile train was long, today a two mile train is considered long.  Could you keep your patience while waiting for a two mile long train to pass? Some argue that it is more cost effective for crude to be transported through pipeline, but energy economist, Julie Carey, has noted that rail has some upsides that bring it closer to pipeline transportation costs.  Rail is quicker to market, has more end points in the distribution system, it does not need to be diluted, and railways haul two ways--one can haul dilution material north, and haul the crude product back south.

Watertown, WI  Crude Oil Train Derailment
November 2015

Beyond the railway options there are other pipelines looking to take up the slack of the Keystone route.  Let me touch on two.  The first is a route that currently contains four pipelines and runs from Superior south to Delavan, and further south into Illinois.  The crude will get to Superior from a pipeline in northern Minnesota.  One of these lines hauls a diluting agent north to the tar sand area from Chicago (the dilution agent is added to thin the tar sand crude so it can travel in the pipeline).  One handles a heavy crude, a third a lighter crude, and a fourth carries a heavy tar sand crude.  This last route is being upgraded with larger pumps to increase its pumping capacity, and will carry 1.2 million barrels a day.  The Keystone XL line disapproved by the President, would carry 860,000 barrels a day.  The owner of this route is currently doing survey work in a desire to construct a fifth heavy tar sand line that will handle 800,000 barrels a day.

Keystone Alternatives
The green route goes through the Great Bear Rain forest

Canada's desire for converting the tar sands to a heavy crude is shared by both conservative and liberal parties.  Newly elected Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau expressed disappointment with President Obama's decision.  Canada's desire leads to the second tar sand route under discussion, and partly approved.  This route, known as the Northern Gateway, runs through the Great Bear Rain Forest, a highly ecologically sensitive area which runs near the Canadian west coast.  The route being planned through this location would take the tar sand crude though the mountains, through the Great Bear Rain Forest to a port in British Columbia where it would then be able to be shipped to China.  As in the US, China too has an oil fix.  The route through the Great Bear Rain Forest has been termed a "Pipeline through Paradise" by National Geographic.  Canada's tar sands are second only to Saudi Arabia in known oil reserves.  Canada knows it has black gold--and it is doing what it can to get it to the major economies that are oil hogs. Not only is the area ecologically sensitive, but it is home to many native tribes, First Nation's.  Some have opposed the pipeline, some have signed on. Yet showing the power of oil, some tribes have suggested funding their own pipeline route to benefit the tribe.  Perhaps better than a casino cash, but is it not selling their soul?

Detail of the route through the Great Bear Rain Forest

It is rather naive to think that one of the largest deposits of oil on earth will go unused. Yes, tar sand oil is so dense it sinks in water.  Yes, it is more costly to extract.  However, even as the price of crude on the market has dropped, tar sand crude oil has increased shipments!  The companies involved in the Bakken and tar sands are playing a game with Arab conglomerates of the Mid-East to see who can underwrite what to keep their oil flowing.  Good for the consumer, bad for the earth.  For some reason people think that they have a right to use all of the earths natural resources, and future generations be damned.  Technology has saved us before, the thinking goes, it will save us again.  We transport the crude by rail, which threatens our cities, and waterways.  There have been three derailments this year in the Mississippi flyway which is a significant tundra and trumpeter swan migration route.  The most recent, an ethanol derailment, occurred during the peak fall migration season.  What is interesting about ethanol is that it cannot be piped below grade as it would suck the water out of the soil.  As a people we need to make choices.  But they need to be made in terms of facts and the good of the globe.  Keystone may have been a good decision, but it only puts further pressure on railway use, alternative pipeline routes (as Enbridge, another Canadian company, is exploring in Minnesota and Wisconsin), and the establishment of the route through paradise.  In any event, our thirst for oil has consequences. We want our oil, but complain when a pipeline bursts, or a tanker derails. Apparently we find the risks acceptable--at least until a major event occurs.

Tar Sand Location Relative Keystone and Northern Gateway Routes

It will take more than a lost pipeline to affect a national appetite for fossil fuels.  A reduction in our crude oil dependence  will require a change in our methods of approach, the form of our built environment, ways of travel, some of the commonly accepted measures of success, and our national values.  Individual choices, however, can make a dent in overall consumption.  This is best shown in that miles traveled by auto have tended to hold steady, or perhaps slightly increase, since the recession started several years ago.  However, I am sure when my spouse and I take our next trip along the Mississippi the long runs of trains tugging tanker cars of oil will once again be a common sight.  I just would not want to have to wait at a crossing for a two mile train.

Samhain, Saints and Souls

This weekend, and into Monday, we have a triad of days, the last two of which in the past were highly celebrated.  In current culture, the first of the three dominates, which is of course Halloween, The other two are All Saints Day and All Souls Day.  In today's popular culture Halloween is second only in expenditure to Christmas.  That means it beats out Easter.  While both Halloween and Easter have candy associated with current tradition, Halloween has other things--like costumes.  Yet, all three are intertwined.

Halloween is celebrated on the last day of October.  Yet, it derives its name from its association with All Saints Day, which is the first day of November.  Halloween essentially describes All Hallows Eve, or the evening before celebration of the Hallows.  One definition of hallow is a saint or holy person.  However, what is celebrated goes back to pre-Christian times.  Some say it goes back to the founding of Rome (Romulus and Remus) and what is termed the festival of Lemuria.  However, this festival was celebrated on three different days in the middle of May--May 9, 11 and 13.  Interesting how they are not only all odd numbered days, but that it concluded on the 13th. Perhaps this helped set the superstition associated with the number 13. This Roman festival was celebration of those who had passed this earth of which they recognized there were some good and some bad.  Today Halloween is generally associated with what people term bad "spirits."  After all, the persons who are in need of exorcism are not in the hands of a good spirits.

Celtic Tribes 

However, Rome was not the only culture to recognize their dead and what was often thought to be their associated spirits.  So too did the Celts.  Today, we often think of the Celts as only coming from Ireland, and perhaps parts of Scotland.  However, Celtic settlements had been more widespread.  Let me quote from a 2010 I wrote:

The name Bohemia derives from a Celtic tribe known as Boii.  The Celtic name originates from the ancient Greeks who referred to the people of central Europe as Keltoi.  The Celts were not an empire ruled by one government but were a broad cultural linguistic group.  The boundaries of where they lived were ever changing.  This is likely due to the fact that they did not form communities and settlements as defined today, but rather formed tribes that moved their settlements to adjust to the wide variety of factors that effect a population—warfare, famine, disease, and inter-tribal rivalry.  The term Celtic is today more often related to the people of Ireland, and while they too were of origin from the Celtic tribes of early history, the name Celt was adopted by Irish and Scots to distinguish themselves from the invading and conquering British.   Some scholars have identified twelve, others seven and some as few as two main tribes.  [Thomas] Cahill (78-79) notes that there were two main groups one making its way to Gaul and the island to be known as England, and the other settling on the Iberian Peninsula.  The Iberian group would be the primary group to migrate to the island we know today as Ireland.  

The Celts were present in Europe at the time of Julius Caesar as he referred to persons on the north side of the Alps as Celts.  Celts divided the year by use of four major holidays.  One of which would correspond to our November 1--the feast of Samhain (pronounced as Sah-ween).  This was the first day of their year and it would mark the beginning of winter.  This was a time when crops were harvested and animals if not housed inside were brought to pastures closer to the home.  As one writer notes:  "The Celts believed that, at the time of Samhain, more so than any other time of the year, the ghosts of the dead were able to mingle with the living."  This was the time, they thought, that the souls of the dead would pass into the great beyond.  Hence living residents would gather and sacrifice varied foods and light bonfires to honor and assist the dead on their journey to the world beyond.  

Pumpkin carving another Halloween tradtion

The world beyond would be given a name with the advance of Christianity--heaven.  Christian missionaries at first would attempted to change the practices of the cultures in which they came in contact, but later, Pope Gregory I suggested that the missionaries use native customs and beliefs to help spread Christianity.  This proved successful for the advancement of Christianity.  Some pagan holidays were transformed into the holy days of the Christian era. Transformation in some ways was abrupt and in others gradual.  Christians would refer to the pagan supernatural deities as evil, or demonic and spirits setting forth references not uncommon to the current celebration of Halloween. However, it would take time for the population to begin to divest themselves of ancient custom and practice.  In fact, with Halloween, we find that this ancient practice is still with us, at least in some sense.  The celebration of Halloween was not common in the United States until the mid 19th century when customs of Souling and Guising were brought to the U.S. by immigrants from Ireland and Scotland.  The common kid-friendly custom we know today costumes and trick or treating, as reported in History.com is in fact not that old, and started in the 1950's.  Baby boomers were probably bugging their parents for candy, so the custom advanced to that we know today.  One trend on the rise is the number of adults who celebrate Halloween--likely adding to its high dollar value.

Medieval painting of All Saints Day

While All Hallows Day, more commonly known as All Saints Day, was first promulgated in the eighth century by Pope Gregory III, it is actually thought to have its origins in the action of Pope Boniface IV when he consecrated the Pantheon on Rome on May 13 (notice the connection to the Roman pagan festival of Lemuria) to the Virgin Mary and all martyrs.  Rome was an epicenter for the production of martyrs. With Pope Gregory's action, the feast of All Saints has now become primary to that of May 13.  Of course, some medieval historians say the tradition of All Saints day goes back to the conversion of Constantine and was celebrated jointly with Pentecost. All Hallows day, however, still did not put an end to customary practice associated with Samhain.  The church then turned to create All Souls day on November 2.  On this day the living pray for the dead.  What is interesting is that in the area of medieval Britain, including Scotland and Ireland, the practice of Souling developed.  Soul cakes were provided to the poor and in exchange the poor would pray for the souls of the deceased who showed kindness. But, also on All Souls day, children dressed in costume and went what is referred to as guising.  They would visit homes, and in exchange for food, candy or beverage, the child (or children) would sing a song, recite a poem or perhaps tell a tale.  Guising would appear to be the best precursor to the trick-or-treating practice of today.  These traditions were brought to the U.S. by Scot and Irish immigrants and adoption of those practices by other cultural groups would pave the way for the custom of today.

Remembering the dead on All Souls Day

This triad of fall days recognizes the impact of one culture on another.  It occurs at a time of the year, in the northern hemisphere, when days are markedly shorter than a few weeks earlier.  We are near the half way point between the autumn equinox and the winter solstice.  Yet, the travels of the dead recognized by Samhain are parts of varied cultures world wide.  Even us Christians talk of a journey to heaven. The journey of the dead is is a belief common to, and separately created by, a variety of cultures--showing the pull that remembrance of our deceased relatives had to past cultures, and continues to have in present time.  Some of the old Celtic deities have been termed fairies or leprechauns (moving from witches and demons) in a lexicon we tend to recognize today.  While we may be a modern world, we have a pull to ancient customs that have been ingrained by our ancestors over thousands of years, through varied but related practices.  This may even date to before Romulus and Reamus. While Halloween seems to take center stage to the All Hallows Day and All Souls Day, the other two are no less important.  Like Halloween, even All Saints Day has changed from recognition of martyrs, to people of good will who have allowed grace to enter their lives.  many cultures remember their dead.  Remembrance instills a level of hope in our own lives.  Pope Francis has said that "hope is like a bit of leaven that enlarges your soul."  Remembrance is the pull our friends and families have on us.  That is the pull that remembering our dead has for us.  That is the pull that drew the Celts to create Samhain, and the church to create All Saints Day, and All Souls Day.

 Note:  Images found on Google